Page Comparison

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idev -pm normal180 -mN 601 -A OTH21164 -r CoreNGS       # or -A TRA23004 
# -or-
idev -m 120 -N 1 -A OTH21164 --reservation=CoreNGSday2p development   # or -A TRA23004 

Data staging

Set ourselves up to process some yeast data data in $SCRATCH, using some of best practices for organizing our workflow.

# Create a $SCRATCH area to work on data for this course,
# with a sub-directory for pre-processing raw fastq files
mkdir -p $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep

# Make symbolic links to the original yeast data:
cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
ln -s -f $CORENGS/yeast_stuff/Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz
ln -s -f $CORENGS/yeast_stuff/Sample_Yeast_L005_R2.cat.fastq.gz

# or
ln -ssf -f ~/CoreNGSwork/yeast_stuff/Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz
ln -s -f ~/CoreNGS/yeast_stuff/Sample_Yeast_L005_R2.cat.fastq.gz

# or
ln -s -f /work/projects/projects/BioITeam/projects/courses/Core_NGS_Tools/yeast_stuff/Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz
ln -ssf -f /work/projects/BioITeam/projects/courses/Core_NGS_Tools/yeast_stuff/Sample_Yeast_L005_R2.cat.fastq.gz

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Exercise: What character in the quality score string in the FASTQ entry above represents the best base quality? Roughly what is the error probability estimated by the sequencer?

About compressed files

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Exercise: About how big are the compressed files? The uncompressed files? About what is the compression factor?

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# if the $CORENGS environment variable is not defined
export CORENGS=/work/projects/BioITeam/projects/courses/Core_NGS_Tools

# make sure you're in your $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep directory
cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep

# Copy over a small, uncompressed fastq file
cp $CORENGS/misc/small.fq .

# check the size, then compress it in-place
ls -lh small*
gzip small.fq

# check the compressed file size
ls -lh small*

# uncompress it again
gunzip small.fq.gz
ls -lh small*

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One of the challenges of dealing with large data files, whether compressed or not, is finding your way around the data – finding and looking at relevant pieces of it. Except for the smallest of files, you can't open them up in a text editor because those programs read the whole file into memory, so will choke on sequencing data files! Instead we use various techniques to look at pieces of the files at a time. (Read more about commands for Displaying file contents)

The first technique is the use of pagers – we've already seen this with the more command. Review its use now on our small uncompressed file:

# 

Setup 

(if 

needed)

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export CORENGS=/work/projects/BioITeam/projects/courses/Core_NGS_Tools
mkdir -p $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
cp $CORENGS/misc/small.fq .

# Use spacebar to advance a page; Ctrl-c to exit
more small.fq

Another pager, with additional features, is less. The most useful feature of less is the ability to search – but it still doesn't load the whole file into memory, so searching a really big file can be slow.

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• q – quit
• Ctrl-f or space – page forward
• Ctrl-b – page backward
• /<pattern> – search for <pattern> in forward direction
  • n – next match
  • N – previous match
• ?<pattern> – search for <pattern> in backward direction
  • n – previous match going back
  • N – next match going forward

If you start less with the -N option, it will display line numbers.q Numbers. Using the -I options allows pattern searches to be case-Insensitive.

Exercise: What line of small.fq contains the read name with grid coordinates 2316:10009:100563?

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For a really quick peek at the first few lines of your data, there's nothing like the head command. By default head displays the first 10 lines of data from the file you give it or from its standard input. With an argument -NNN (that is a dash followed by some number), it will show that many lines of data.

# 

Setup 

(if needed)
export CORENGS=/work/projects/BioITeam/projects/courses/Core_NGS_Tools 
mkdir -p $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
cp $CORENGS/misc/small.fq .

# shows 1st 10 lines
head small.fq

# shows 1st 100 lines -- might want to pipe this to more to see a bit at a time
head -100 small.fq | more

So what if you want to see line numbers on your head or tail output? Neither command seems to have an option to do this.

cat

--help | more

cat -n small.fq | tail

piping

So what is that vertical bar ( | ) all about? It is the pipe symboloperator!

The pipe symbol operator ( | ) connects one program's standard output to the next program's standard input. The power of the Linux command line is due in no small part to the power of piping.  Read more about piping here: Piping. And read more about standard (Read more about Piping and Standard Unix I/O streams here: Standard Streams in Unix/Linux.)

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• When you execute the head -100 small.fq | more command, head starts writing lines of the small.fq file to standard output.
• Because of the pipe, the output does not go to the terminal Terminal, but is connected to the standard input  of the more command.
• Instead of reading lines from a file you specify as a command-line argument, more obtains its input from standard input.

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• The more command writes a page of text to standard output, which is displayed on the Terminal.
  
  

tail

The yang to head's ying is tail, which by default it displays the last 10 lines of its data, and also uses the -NNN syntax to show the last NNN lines. (Note that with very large files it may take a while for tail to start producing output because it has to read through the file sequentially to get to the end.)

But what's really cool about tail is its -n +NNNNN syntax. This displays all the lines starting at line NNN NN. Note this syntax: the -n option switch follows by a plus sign ( + ) in front of a number – the plus sign is what says "starting at this line"! Try these examples:

# 

Setup 

(if 

needed)

export CORENGS=/work/projects/BioITeam/projects/courses/Core_NGS_Tools 
mkdir -p $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
cp $CORENGS/misc/small.fq .

# shows the last 10 lines
tail small.fq

# shows the last 100 lines -- might want to pipe this to more to see a bit at a time
tail -100 small.fq | more

# shows all the lines starting at line 900 -- better pipe it to a pager!
# cat -n adds line numbers to its output so we can see where we are in the file
cat -n small.fq | tail -n +900 | more

# shows 15 lines starting at line 900 because we pipe to head -15
tail -n +900 small.fq | head -15

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Read more about head and tail in Displaying file contents.

zcat and gunzip -c tricks

Ok, now you know how to navigate an un-compressed file using head and tail, more or less. But what if your FASTQ file has been compressed by gzip? You don't want to un-compress the file, remember?

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Let's illustrate this using one of the compressed files in your fastq_prep sub-directory:

# Setup (if needed)
export CORENGS=/work/projects/BioITeam/projects/courses/Core_NGS_Tools 
mkdir -p $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep

cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep

cp $CORENGS/misc/small.fq .

# make sure you're in your $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep directory
cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep

gunzip -c Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz | more
gunzip -c Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz | head
gunzip -c Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz | tail
gunzip -c Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz | tail -n +901 | head -8

# Note that less will display .gz file contents automatically
less -N Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz

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zcat Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz | more
zcat Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz | less -N
zcat Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz | head
zcat Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz | tail
zcat Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz | tail -n +901 | head -8

# include original line numbers
zcat Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz | cat -n | tail -n +901 | head -8

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One of the first thing to check is that your FASTQ files are the same length, and that length is evenly divisible by 4. The wc command (word countword count) using the -l switch to tell it to count lines, not words, is perfect for this. It's so handy that you'll end up using wc -l a lot to count things. It's especially powerful when used with filename wildcardingwild carding.

wc -l small.fq
head -100 small.fq > small2.fq
wc -l small*.fq

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# Setup (if needed)
export CORENGS=/work/projects/BioITeam/projects/courses/Core_NGS_Tools 
mkdir -p $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
cp $CORENGS/misc/small.fq .

wc -l small.fq
head -100 small.fq > small2.fq
wc -l small*.fq

You can also pipe the output of zcat or gunzip -c to wc -l to count lines in your compressed FASTQ file.

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echo $((2368720 / 4))

Here's another trick: backticks backtick evaluation. When you enclose a command expression in backtick quotes ( ` ) the enclosed expression is evaluated and its standard output substituted into the string. (Read more about Quoting in the shell).

Here's how you would combine this math expression with zcat line counting on your file using the magic of backtick evaluation. Notice that the wc -l expression is what is reading from standard input.

# Setup (if needed)
export CORENGS=/work/projects/BioITeam/projects/courses/Core_NGS_Tools 
mkdir -p $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep

cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
ln -sf $CORENGS/yeast_stuff/Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz

ln -

sf 

Whew!

A better way to do math

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$CORENGS/yeast_stuff/Sample_Yeast_L005_R2.cat.fastq.gz

cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
zcat Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz | echo "$((`wc -l` / 4))"

Whew!

A better way to do math

Well, doing math in bash is pretty awful – there has to be something better. There is! It's called awk, which is a powerful scripting language that is easily invoked from the command line.

In the code below we pipe the output from wc -l (number of lines in the FASTQ file) to awk, which executes its body (the statements between the curly braces ( {  } ) for each line of input. Here the input is just one line, with one field – the line count. The awk body just divides the 1st input field ($1) by 4 and writes the result to standard output. (Read more about awk in Advanced Some Linux commands: awk)

# Setup (if needed)
export CORENGS=/work/projects/BioITeam/projects/courses/Core_NGS_Tools 
mkdir -p $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
ln -sf $CORENGS/yeast_stuff/Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz

ln 

-

sf $CORENGS/yeast_stuff/Sample_Yeast_L005_R2.cat.fastq.gz

cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
zcat Sample_Yeast_L005_R1.cat.fastq.gz | wc -l | awk '{print $1 / 4}'

Processing multiple compressed files

You've probably figured out by now that you can't easily use filename wildcarding along with zcat and piping to process multiple files. For this, you need to code a for loop in bash. Fortunately, this is pretty easy. Try this:

for fname in *.gz; do
  echo "Processing $fname"
  echo "..$fname has `zcat $fname | wc -l | awk '{print $1 / 4}'` sequences"
done

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Each time through the for loop, the next item in the evaluation expression (here *.gz) is assigned to the formal argument (here fname). Note that items in the evaluation expression are separated by spaces – not Tabs.

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The bash shell lets you put multiple commands on one line if they are each separated by a semicolon ( ; ). So in the above for loop, you can see that bash considers the do keyword to start a separate command. Two alternate ways of writing the loop are:

# One line for each clause, no semicolons
for <variable name> in <expression>
do 
  <something>; <something else>
done

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Note that $1 means something different in awk – the 1st whitespace-delimited input field – than it does in bash, where it represents the 1st argument to a script or function (technically, the 1 environment variable). This is an example of where a metacharacter- the dollar sign ( $ ) here – has  a different meaning for two different programs. (Read more about Literal characters and metacharacters)

The bash shell treats dollar sign ( $ ) as an evaluation operator, so will normally attempt to evaluate the environment variable name following the $ and substitute its value in the output (e.g. echo $SCRATCH). But we don't want that evaluation to be applied to the {print $1 / 4} script argument passed to awk; instead we want awk to see the literal string {print $1 / 4} as its script. To achieve this result we surround the script argument with single quotes ( ' ' ), which tells the shell to treat everything enclosed by the quotes as literal text, and not perform any metacharacter processing. (Read more about Quoting in the shell)

Processing multiple compressed files

You've probably figured out by now that you can't easily use filename wildcarding along with zcat and piping to process multiple files. For this, you need to code a for loop in bash. Fortunately, this is pretty easy. Try this:

cd $SCRATCH/core_ngs/fastq_prep
for fname in *.gz; do
  echo "Processing $fname"
  echo "..$fname has `zcat $fname | wc -l | awk '{print $1 / 4}'` sequences"
done

Each time through the for loop, the next item in the argument list (here the files matching the wildcard glob *.gz) is assigned to the for loop's formal argument (here the variable fname). The actual filename is then referenced as$fname inside the loop. (Read more about Bash control flow)