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- echo <text> prints the specified text on standard output
- evaluation of metacharacters (special characters) inside the text may be performed first
- -e says to enable interpretation of backslash escapes such as \t (tab) and \n newline
- -n says not to output the trailing newline
- evaluation of metacharacters (special characters) inside the text may be performed first
- wc -l reports the number of lines (-l) in its input
- wc -c reports the number of characters (-c) in its input
- wc -w reports the number of words (-w) in its input
- wc -c reports the number of characters (-c) in its input
- history lists your command history to the terminal
- redirect to a file to save a history of the commands executed in a shell session
- pipe to grep to search for a particular command
- env lists all the environment variables currently defined in your login session
- xargs transfers data on its standard input to the command line of the specified command
- e.g. ls ~/*.txt | xargs echo
- which <pgm> searches all $PATH directories to find <pgm> and reports its full pathname
- will report all the places it looked if <pgm> was not found
- type <pgm> is more general and works for functions and aliases
- du <file_or_directory..file_or_directory>
- shows the disk usage (size) of the specified files/directories
- -h says report the size in human-readable form (e.g. 12M instead of 12201749)
- -s says summarize the directory size for directories
- -c says print a grand total when multiple items are specified
- groups - lists the Unix groups you belong to
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